magnificent scientific work now available online in youtube
Everything is linked as it is, and not under contrivedspecial conditions - the missing Higgs Boson may be only a sound...

ISIS Report 12/09/11

The Z Theory of Everything

How cold fusion and antigravity experiments led engineer/physicist Frank Znidarsic to a new causal theory that relates all natural forces and might well have interested Einstein; but is he right? Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

A fully referenced version of this paper is posted on ISIS members website and is available for download here. A more extended technical version is also available for download.

The ultimate ToE

Electrical engineer and physicist Frank Znidarsic has been investigating new sources of energy for twenty years following the trail of cold fusion and antigravity research. He finally came up with a startling new theory of quantum reality that relates all the natural forces including gravity [1-3], but has yet to publish in a mainstream journal, though there is a peer reviewed paper accepted for publication [3], co-authored with Glen Robertson of NASA Marshall Laboratory.  At Znidarsic’s request [4], I looked into his theory and became sufficiently convinced to write about it.

The unification of all forces – ‘a theory of everything’ or ToE - a project started by Albert Einstein and taken up by many after him, has become the holy grail of theoretical physics. Although the unification of weak electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces has been achieved, gravity remains beyond the pale of existing physical laws. If Znidarsic is right, his theory (which I shall call the Z Theory) may well lead to an understanding of the range and the strength of the force fields and can also provide an explanation for Planck’s constant, the fine structure constant, the Bohr atom, the quantum jump, and  the  intensity of atomic emission spectra, etc., a long list of unsolved mysteries, or mysteries accepted to have no explanations by the scientific community. No other candidate ToE has come close to accomplishing all that, and especially not the standard theory of the universe that’s in danger of going down in history as the most spectacular failure of big science (see Box1).

The Z Theory is simple and intuitive once the basic physics and engineering concepts are explained, thanks to enthusiastic fellow physicist Lane Davis [12], who has created an excellent series of more than 20 videos posted on YouTube [13]. Davis takes you from high school electromagnetism and practical everyday engineering through highly controversial cold fusion and anti-gravity research to the elementary algebra that encapsulates the Z theory, proving how all the fundamental constants are reduced to just one, the velocity of sound in the atomic nucleus of about 1 million metres per second, 1.093846 x 10⁶ m/s, to be more precise [12].

The series is narrated by Davis himself, illustrated throughout with examples from games and sports, and peppered with irrelevant, irreverent, and sometimes comic relief from the maths. And for a grand finale, the ‘master’ equation is presented in rap. Wish I had a physics teacher like that when I was young.

A rare talent for translating between physical intuition and mathematics

Znidarsic’s strength is his ability to translate effortlessly between abstruse theoretical/ mathematical concepts and physical intuitions of mechanical and electrical interactions; a rare talent in danger of being snuffed out altogether by an education system that separates scientists from engineers, the theoretical and academic from the practical and technical.

Znidarsic’s journey began by visiting laboratories engaged in unusual research shunned and denigrated by the mainstream academic community: cold (nuclear) fusion in electrolytic cells and gravity modification with spinning magnetic fields. The velocity of about 1 million metres per second kept turning up in both types of experiments.  The common ingredients are electromagnetic interactions in condensed matter, leading to nuclear fusion in one setting, and in the other, antigravity effects. Znidarsic decided that the velocity of 1 million metres per second is that of ‘sound’ within the nucleus, and from then on, it was plain sailing as he homed in on the Z theory.

The velocity of sound in the nucleus and impedance matching

The velocity of 1.094 million metres per second is the lynchpin of the Z theory. The quantum transition (quantum jump), which so mystified and frustrated Einstein and many great quantum physicists, is the result of a classical impedance match – a match that allows energy to flow directly without resistance within the atomic structure - when the velocity of light in the outer electronic orbitals of the atom equals the velocity of sound within its nucleus, i.e., 1.094 million metres per second, and energy transfer can take place with 100 percent efficiency. The 100 efficient process emits one photon, not a series of progressively smaller photons that would be emitted by less efficient non-impedance matched system. 

At the same time, momentum – the quantity of motion, or impetus - is carried by the magnetic components of the electronic and nuclear force fields. This requires us to accept that magnetism is not a conserved property, but can be greatly amplified locally, in the same way that inserting an iron core inside a coil of wire carrying an electric current greatly amplifies the magnetic field passing through the core. Crucially, the magnitude of the electromagnetic, gravitomagnetic, and nuclear forces converge during the quantum transition, enabling the separate fields to exchange energy in one single step.

It is this increase in the magnetic component of the strong nuclear force that makes nuclear fusion possible – without the need for thermonuclear temperatures – and sometimes results in the appearance of local gravitational anomaly.

That is the gist of the theory, which I shall explain in more detail, starting with a brief look backwards at conventional quantum mechanics.

Potted history of quantum mechanics

Physicist Max Planck in Germany initiated the present era of quantum physics by introducing the idea at the beginning of the past century that light (and the entire electromagnetic spectrum) comes in tiny packets or quanta, the energy E  of each quantum being proportional to the frequency of light f, as in Equation (1) for Einstein’s photoelectric effect.

            E = hf                                                                          (1)

The proportionality constant h is Planck’s constant – the smallest unit of action - named after its discoverer. Planck’s constant is derived from experiments, and accounted for the discrete spectral lines of sunlight and light emitted from elements excited by X-rays, but Planck had no explanation as to where that constant comes from.

Danish physicist Niels Bohr applied Planck’s constant to the structure of the atom in a model with electrons orbiting the nucleus rather like planets orbiting around the sun in our solar system. Bohr’s model of the atom is quantized, i.e., it has electrons orbiting the nucleus at different energy levels in multiples of Planck’s constant. It explained the emission spectrum of the atoms in terms of quantum transitions from higher to lower energy orbits, and accounted for the chemical properties of the elements. However, according to classical electromagnetic theory due to Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, orbiting electrons are accelerating all the time and should continuously emit electromagnetic energy, and hence soon fall into the nucleus. Bohr’s model could not explain the stability of the atom, nor can it produce the probability of quantum transitions from one energy level to another, among other things.          

French physicist Louis deBroglie offered the solution. He proposed that the electron has wave-like properties. The electron does not circulate in orbits around the nucleus. Instead, it encircles the nucleus in the form of a standing wave, and a particle-like photon is emitted as these standing waves instantaneously collapse during a quantum transition. This wave-particle duality of light and matter is a paradox in quantum physics, for which there is no explanation.

The widely accepted ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ proposed by German-born physicist and mathematician Max Born tries to get around those difficulties by saying that deBroglie’s matter waves are just a mathematical construct and not real. Einstein rejected the Copenhagen interpretation and believed to his dying day that the theory of quantum mechanics is not complete.

It is against such a backdrop that Znidarsic’s theory emerged, thanks to new observations rejected by the establishment on ground that they cannot be explained within conventional physics, quantum or classical. Instead of questioning conventional physics, the establishment closed its collective mind and locked out the true scientists who welcome new challenges, and would sacrifice almost anything in pursuit of beauty and truth (see [14] Beauty and Truth in Science and Art, ISIS publication).

What cold fusion and antigravity experiments told Znidarsic

We have reviewed cold fusion experiments extensively beginning four years ago, and most recently in connection with its possible commercialisation [15] (Cold Fusion Ready for Commercial Production? SiS 51). ‘Cold fusion’ refers to nuclear fusion reactions that happen in desk top devices, such as electrolytic cells, at well below thermonuclear temperatures of millions of degrees Centigrade. These reactions - first demonstrated in 1989 by electrochemists Martin Fleishman at University of Southampton in the UK and Stanley Pons at Utah University in the US – aroused a storm of controversy that has yet to subside, with detractors calling cold fusion research ‘quackery’ and worse.

I am convinced that cold fusion works, and in many different forms, all dependent on the collective quantum properties of condensed matter that conventional quantum mechanics has yet to take into proper account. There are already several theories that explains cold fusion in terms of collective quantum properties (or quantum coherence) [16] (How Cold Fusion Works, SiS 36); Znidarsic’s theory is one of them, but at a much more general and fundamental level.

Znidarsic noticed that cold fusion reactions proceed in a (coherent) domain of 50-100 nanometres on being excited with energy input in the range of about 10¹³-10¹⁴ Hz. The product of the domain size –taking it to be equal to the grain structure in the cathode metal  - and the frequency of excitation energy gives one million metres per second, a velocity that Znidarsic calls the quantum transitional velocity, V_t.

The gravity experiments of Russian-born Eugene Podkletnov, which inspired Znidarsic, were originally carried out at Tempere University of Technology in Finland, until Podkletnov was dismissed from the University when a journalist reported his work as ‘antigravity’, a term Podkletnov himself never used [17-19]. The best results were obtained when a 3 megahertz AC magnetic field was used to stimulate the 0.3 meter diameter superconducting toroidal disk spinning in a levitated state over the magnetic field [1]. (This levitation of the superconducting disc itself has nothing to do with gravity. It is relatively well understood as the effect of the repulsive force generated by the superconducting disc against the magnetic field [20]). A gravity anomaly appeared above the disc, in the form of reduced atmospheric pressure and reduced weight of up to 2 percent or more [17-19], that cannot be explained by the usual diamagnetic interaction, as it depends solely on mass, and not on the nature of the material itself. The product of the disc size (the coherent domain as wavelength of the electromagnetic field) and the stimulation frequency once again, as in the case of cold fusion, gives a velocity of about 1 million metres per second, the same quantum transition velocity, Vt, which Znidarsic identified as the velocity of ‘sound’ or optical phonons within the superconducting disc.

Cold fusion and antigravity appear totally unrelated to the casual observer. But Znidarsic noted the connection via the velocity of ‘sound’ or phonons within the coherent domain of 50 nm in the cold fusion experiments and the much larger 0.3 m superconducting disc in the gravity modification experiments. The clue lies in the correlated electronic vibrations of the atoms within the coherence domain, which physicists call a ‘Bose Einstein condensate’ (BSC): all the atoms in that state act as one, and can be considered a single entity.

With a combination of intuitive imagination and analogies to mechanical vibrating system within the atom, Znidarsic showed that the velocity Vt, is very likely to be equal to the speed of sound in the nucleus (see Box 2). (For those who get intimidated by equations, please skip over the box, as it just adds corroborative details in subatomic vibrations to make the transitional velocity V_t credible.)

V_t, the speed of sound within the nucleus, is also exhibited across atomic distances within the coherent domains of cold fusion experiments and across the macroscopic distance of the superconducting disc in gravity modification experiments.

When the speed of light in the electronic structure of the atom equals the speed of sound in the nucleus, energy transfer can occur without loss at 100 percent efficiency. This is a condition similar to that of a billiard ball hitting directly another pool ball.  All of the energy is transferred at once without bounce.  A similar condition results in the emission of a single photon.  Conversely, a ball bouncing off of the earth is an example of a non-impedance matched system.  The earth does not move at the speed of the bouncing ball and the ball gives up energy in a series of progressivity smaller bounces.  A series of progressively smaller photons are not emitted during a quantum jump and Znidarsic concluded that the process of quantum jumping is one of impedance matching.

Slowing light

Light or electromagnetic radiation in vacuum has a much higher velocity, c = 299,792,458 metres per second, nearly 300 times as large as the velocity of sound in the nucleus of atoms identified by Znidarsic. In order for light in the electronic structure to match the velocity sound in the nucleus, it must be slowed down nearly 300-fold. Light does indeed propagate at reduced velocity through dense media; the refraction of light in water is an everyday example. In the laboratory, scientists have managed to slow light down even to a standstill in a BSC of atoms [21, 22] (see [23] Trapping Light, SiS 22).

In a similar way, the external stimulating electromagnetic fields are trapped and slowed down within the coherent domains in cold fusion and superconducting disc in the gravity modification experiments. And when the slowed electromagnetic velocity matches the velocity of sound within the nucleus, there is no longer any barrier to energy transfer, and cold fusion can proceed [16].

Amplification of magnetic fields by BEC and “zero point energy”

The gravity modification experiments show that gravity is indeed tied up with electromagnetic forces in some mysterious ways, as has already been suggested by the work of other physicists, notably Robert Dicke, Bernard Haisch, and Harold Puthoff in the United States [24-29].  Dicke and Puthoff proposed that mass alters the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of spacetime [28]. Haisch and coworker Alfonso Rueda proposed that [29] “a background sea of quantum light” fills the universe and generates a force that opposes acceleration, which is why matter seems to be solid. So “maybe matter resists acceleration not because it possesses some innate thing called mass…but because the zero-point field exerts a force whenever acceleration takes place.”

Znidaric suggests that the BEC in the superconducting disc somehow locally amplifies the magnetic components of the forces. An increased magnetic field is required to carry the same amount of energy at a lower velocity.  The process is similar to that of a tsunami, as the tidal wave slows, its height piles up in an amount necessary to carry its energy.

This increased gravitomagnteic field gives apparent antigravity effects. In other words, the weak and strong forces and gravity balance out via their amplified magnetic components. Znidarsic emphasizes that this does not violate any law of conservation, as it is known that magnetic, as well as electric permittivity can be modified locally. The BEC therefore, acts like a soft iron core, only much more so, as the magnetic component of mass (gravitomagnetic force) is only 10^-39 that of the ordinary electromagnetic field   

When asked how that amplification could be achieved, Znidarsic says he does not exactly know, but suspects it involves an increase in the magnetic component of the fields  that compensates for the reduced velocity of the fields; “just as water flows in a river bed through a valley electrons transit between states through channels of matching impedance.”   Could this be the “zero-point energy” that has been the holy grail of Haisch and Puthoff and their followers, including Podkletnov and Znidaric , who see space-propulsion systems that can travel at 6 times the speed of light, as Podkeltnov claims for his latest, as yet unpublished experiments on gravity pulses [19]? I leave these tantalizing questions hanging, while I go on to more immediate important things.

Planck’s constant and Bohr atom revisited

V_t, the velocity of quantum transition, is that at which the velocity of light within the electronic structure of the atoms equals the velocity of sound within its nuclear structure and the impedance of the interacting states are matched, so energy is exchanged “without bounce” (i.e. with no barrier and at 100 percent efficiency). That is what accounts for the quantization of energy levels in the atom.  Electrons attempt to flow along all possible paths but they can only move between orbits through channels of matching impedance.  Znidarsic shows that Planck’s constant is based on V_t , which also determines the energy levels of the Bohr hydrogen atom and the intensity and probability of its spectral emissions.

In essence, the energy of the photon is given by Equation (2) where Q is the elementary charge, and e_o is the electric permittivity of free space.

                                                                              (2)

The terms within the brackets [ ] equals Planck’s constant, and Equation (2) thereby reproduces Einstein’s famous photoelectric relation in Equation (1). Planck’s constant is shown to be a simple function of the elementary charge and the quantum transition velocity V_t.

Similarly, the principle radii of the hydrogen atom r_x is derived in Equation (3) where n is an integer, F_max is the maximum restoring force of 29.05 Newtons for harmonic motion of the electron at the radius of the electron, r_p is 1.309 x 10^-15 metres, the radius of energetic accessibility (also half the classical radius of the electron, and comes from an analysis where the electrical force is viewed as a spring), and M_-e is the mass of the electron, 9.109 x 10^-31 kg.

                                                                              (3)

The expression within the brackets [ ] equals the ground state radius of the hydrogen atom, and the equation also determines the principle energy levels of the hydrogen atom.

Finally, the probability of quantum transition is shown to be the square of the intensity of the spectral line, which is just the amplitude of electronic harmonic motion at transition, r_t given in Equation (4), where the terms between the brackets [ ] is again Planck’s constant.

                                                                  (4)

The fine-structure constant explained

The fine-structure constant, a , is a fundamental physical constant or coupling constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction introduced by theoretical German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld in 1916, who found that it determined the splitting or fine-structure of the hydrogen spectral lines. Its current value is 7.2973525698 x 10^-3 or approximately 1/137 [30]. It is defined in terms of other fundamental constants, and the simplest formula is Equation (5), where e is the elementary charge, ? = h/2p is the reduced Planck’s  constant, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and k_e is the Coulomb constant. Its origin remains obscure, however.

a= k_ee²/?c                                                                              (5)

Znidarsic found a simple expression for the fine structure constant given in Equation (6).

a = 2V_t/c                                                                                 (6)

As the ratio of two velocities, a is naturally dimensionless.

“Quantum mechanics a special case of Newtonian mechanics”

Znidarsic has derived quantum mechanics from classical Newtonian mechanics, thereby showing that “quantum mechanics is a special case of Newtonian mechanics”, rather than the other way round. This is an enormous claim, and not likely to be easily accepted by the physics establishment. The ball is now in their court, to show how and if Znidarsic is mistaken.

There is a pdf Article by Lane Davis written in 2010 here http://www.wbabin.net/ntham/davis.pdf

How to Control Gravity and Nuclear Forces

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Uploaded by AlienScientist on 25 Jan 2010

With the looming energy crisis, we need to start looking at alternatives. I believe that if Cold Fusion got 1/10th the funding that the LHC or Hot Fusion or Top Secret Defense Contracts get we would have Cold Fusion by now.

With maybe a few $100,000 in funding, and nano-manufacturing facilities to build the proper 50nm dimension nano-cavitated plates where deuterium would enter from one side of the plate and helium could bubble off of the other as the molecules get continually zapped with the appropriate frequency.

Richard Feynman once said of Quantum Mechanics - "Do not keep saying to yourself, if you can possibly avoid it, "But how can it be like that?" because you will get "down the drain," into a blind alley from which nobody has yet escaped. Nobody knows how it can be like that. " -On the apparent absurdities of Quantum behavior, in The Character of Physical Law (1965) Lecture 6 : Probability and Uncertainity
Now we KNOW how it can be like that...
Frank Znidarsic's Revolutionary Paper:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/25455268/Control-of-the-Natural-Forces

Vt the observed velocity in cold fusion and antigravity has to do with movement of heavy protons.
It is the velocity of sound in the medium.

The velocity we get with the elastic constant of the sq rt (K/M) has to do with the speed of sound in the electrons. It normally is a much faster velocity. This is the mode light couples with. It is the speed of light in the medium.

The solution is:

speed of sound = speed of light equation #10

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